Un poeta nazionale è un poeta reputato per tradizione e per acclamazione popolare il rappresentante dell'identità, delle credenze e dei principi di una particolare cultura nazionale. La figura del poeta nazionale come eroe culturale ha una tradizione di lunga data e si distingue dalla carica di poeta laureato, assegnata sulla base di una procedura burocratica. Il concetto dei poeti nazionali e il prestigio legato a queste figure si affermarono durante il Romanticismo e giocarono un ruolo fondamentale nella formazione degli Stati-Nazione, rinforzando le identità etno-linguistiche.
La maggior parte dei poeti nazionali sono personaggi vissuti in epoche storiche; tuttavia, talvolta anche scrittori contemporanei attivi in letterature nazionali relativamente nuove sono stati innalzati a «poeti nazionali». Pur non eletti tramite procedure formali, i poeti nazionali svolgono un ruolo nel plasmare la visione che un Paese ha di sé stesso. Alcune Nazioni riconoscono più d'un singolo poeta nazionale. Si è sostenuto che un poeta nazionale «deve scrivere poesie che s'identifichino strettamente con la causa della Nazione; o si ritiene che lo faccia»; si ritiene anche che, per essere tale, «un poeta nazionale deve scrivere in una lingua nazionale».
Di séguito si riporta un elenco di Nazioni coi corrispettivi poeti nazionali. L'elenco non include in senso stretto solo Stati o Paesi sovrani, poiché i termini «Nazione» (come concetto culturale), «Paese» (come concetto geografico) e «Stato» (come concetto politico) non sono sinonimi.
Africa
Paese o territorioPoetaFonti Si Mohand, Moufdi ZakariaAgostinho NetoTitinga Frédéric PacéréJorge Barbosa Ahmed ShawqiGraves, R. (2014). Good-bye to All That: An Autobiography. United Kingdom: Penguin Books Limited. Gibreab Teferi, Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin Victor Hugo M'GonagallAtukwei Okai, Kofi AwoonorAbdilatif AbdallaThomas MofoloMelvin B. TolsonAhmed Rafiq Almhadoui Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo Fily Dabo Sissoko Mohammed AwzalLéoville L'HommeJosé CraveirinhaMvula ya Nangolo Christopher OkigboNwakanma, O. (2010:90). Christopher Okigbo, 1930-67: Thirsting for Sunlight. Nigeria: James Currey.The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics. (2018:623). United Kingdom: OUP Oxford.Antoine-Roger Bolamba (J'ongungu) [quando il Paese era noto come Congo–Zaire] Zaim Allal Francisco José Tenreiro, Alda Neves do Espírito Santo Léopold Sédar SenghorMoore, G. (1980:38). Twelve African Writers. United Kingdom: Hutchinson University Library for Africa.Davidson NicolRice, G. T. (1985:238). The Bold Experiment: JFK's Peace Corps. United States: University Press of Virginia. Hadrawi S. E. K. Mqhayi Shaaban bin Robert Aboul-Qacem Echebbi
Asia Paese (o regione)PoetaFontiRumi, Khushal KhattakKazi Nazrul IslamMin Thu WunPreah Botumthera SomDu Fu, Li BaiWard, J. E. (2008). Li Bai: an Homage To. United Kingdom: Lulu.com. CoreaCho Ki-chon, Yun Dongju, Han Yong-un, Park Mok-wol, Jeong CheolFrancisco BalagtasMatsuo Bashō, Lafcadio Hearn, Tanikawa Shuntarō, Ishikawa TakubokuJapan Quarterly. (1960:47). Japan: Asahi Shinbun.Mustafa Wahbi al-TalMaithili Sharan Gupt, Subramania Bharati, Kālidāsa, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Rabindranath TagoreAnnals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona. (1987). India: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.Bhawe, S. S. (1964). Kalidasa: The National Poet of India. India: Good Companions.Chairil AnwarFirdūsī, Rumi, Hafez, Attar, ʿUmar Khayyām, Saadi, Nizami Ganjavi, Rudaki,Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar,Malek osh-Sho'arā Bahār,Mehdi Akhavan-Sales,Aref Qazvini,Ahmad Shamlou,Rakhshandeh E'tesamiViestad, A. (2023). Dinner in Rome: A History of the World in One Meal. United Kingdom: Reaktion Books.Muthaffar al-Nawab, Al-Mutanabbi, Muhammad Mahdi al-JawahiriZeidel, R. (2020). Pluralism in the Iraqi Novel After 2003: Literature and the Recovery of National Identity. United States: Lexington Books.Yehuda Amichai, Hayim Nahman Bialik, Natan Alterman,Abai QunanbaiuliToktogul SatylganovCoşkun, M. (2020:64). Improvising the Voice of the Ancestors: Heritage and Identity in Central Asia. Germany: Lit Verlag.Hemin Mukriyani, Sherko Bekas, Abdurrahman Sharafkandi, Ehmedê XanîKahlil Gibran, Said AklSalameh, F. (2010:220). Language, Memory, and Identity in the Middle East: The Case for Lebanon. Ukraine: Lexington Books.Usman AwangOchirbatyn Dashbalbar, Dulduityn Danzanravjaa, Dashdorjiin Natsagdorj, Byambyn Rinchen, Hadaa SendooMadhav Prasad GhimireAllamah Muhammad IqbâlMahmoud Darwish Nizar QabbaniParakrama KodituwakkuBeyond Borders: An Anthology of SAARC Poetry. (2002). India: Academy of Fine Arts and Literature and Rainbow Publishers. Sadriddin Ayni, Bozor Sobir, Mirzo Tursunzoda Rudaki, Rumi, Gulnazar KeldiYang Mu, Yu YourenWong, L. L. (2009:170). Rays of the Searching Sun: The Transcultural Poetics of Yang Mu. Austria: P.I.E. Peter Lang. Sunthorn PhuTsering WoeserRumi, Nâzım Hikmet, Ziya Gökalp, Mehmet Âkif ErsoyMagtymguly PyragyAli-Shir Nava'i, Abdulla Oripov, Erkin Vohidov, Gʻafur Gʻulom, MirtemirNguyễn Du, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Hồ Xuân HươngAbdullah Al-Baradouni, Waddah al-Yaman
Europa Paese (o regione)PoetaFonti Dmitry Gulia Gjergj Fishta, Naim FrashëriHovhannes Tumanyan, Sayat-Nova, Yeghishe Charents Franz Grillparzer ,Johann Nepomuk Nestroy, Georg Trakl, Rainer Maria RilkeAustria today. (1984:7). Austria: Austria Today Limited.Nizami Ganjavi, Fuzûlî, Imadaddin Nasimi, Samad VurgunSamad Vurgun Rami Garipov, Mustai Karim Émile Verhaeren, Maurice MaeterlinckCultures in Flux: Lower-Class Values, Practices, and Resistance in Late Imperial Russia. (1994:140). Ukraine: Princeton University Press. Yanka Kupala, Yakub KolasMartin, T. D. (2001:436). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. United Kingdom: Cornell University Press.Tourist Mosaic of Belarus. (2017:480). Russia: ЛитРес.Abdulah Sidran, Mak Dizdar, Izet SarajlićMahmutćehajić, R. (2015). The Praised and the Virgin. Netherlands: Brill.Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de la Villemarqué Hristo Botev, Ivan Vazov Ausiàs March, Jacint Verdaguer Vasilis MichaelidesIoannides, C. P. (2018:12). Cyprus Under British Colonial Rule: Culture, Politics, and the Movement Toward Union with Greece, 1878–1954. United States: Lexington Books. Marko Marulić, Ivan Gundulić Rasul Gamzatov Adam Oehlenschläger, Hans Christian Andersen, Søren Kierkegaard, N. F. S. Grundtvig Kristjan Jaak Peterson, Lydia KoidulaWeissmann Travel Planner for Western and Eastern Europe. (1994:59). United States: Weissmann Travel Reports. William Heinesen, Nólsoyar Páll, Mikkjal á RyggiCadence. (1984:60). United States: B. Rusch.Émile Verhaeren, Hendrik Conscience, Guido Gezelle, Hugo Claus Eino Leino, Elias Lönnrot, Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Edith SödergranCharles Baudelaire, Victor Hugo, Arthur Rimbaud Gysbert Japicx (o Japiks)Linguist. (1962). United Kingdom: Linguists' Club..Rosalía de Castro, Ramón CabanillasThe Harp and the Constitution: Myths of Celtic and Gothic Origin. (2015). Netherlands: Brill. Shota Rustaveli Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich von Schiller, Heinrich Heine, Bertolt Brecht, Friedrich Hölderlin, Novalis, Friedrich Nietzsche, Hermann Hesse, Stefan GeorgeDecker, G. (2018:157). Hesse: The Wanderer and His Shadow. United States: Harvard University Press. Omero, Saffo, Pindaro, Solone, Dionysios SolomosPindar: Victory Odes: Olympians 2, 7 and 11; Nemean 4; Isthmians 3, 4 and 7. (1995:109). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. George Métivier Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, William Blake, William Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, W. H. Auden, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Philip LarkinLachman, G. (2013). The Caretakers of the Cosmos: Living Responsibly in an Unfinished World. United Kingdom: Floris Books. Thomas Moore, William Butler Yeats, Seamus Heaney, Patrick Pearse Jónas Hallgrímsson, Hallgrímur Pétursson T. E. Brown Ovidio, Virgilio, Orazio, Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Giosuè Carducci, Giacomo Leopardi, Ugo Foscolo, Gabriele D'AnnunzioHroch, M. (2015). European Nations: Explaining Their Formation. United Kingdom: Verso. Wace Ali Podrimja Rainis, Andrejs Pumpurs Kristijonas Donelaitis, Maironis, Justinas Marcinkevičius, Adomas Mickevičius Edmond de la Fontaine, Michel Lentz Kočo Racin Dun Karm Psaila Grigore Vieru, Mihai Eminescu Louis Notari Petar II Petrović-Njegoš Kosta Khetagurov Özker YaşınHenrik WergelandFrédéric Mistral, Arnaut Daniel, Bernart de Ventadorn, Comtessa de Dia Bernard Etxepare Joost van den Vondel, Jacob Cats Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński Luís de Camões, Fernando Pessoa Frédéric Mistral, Comtessa de Dia Ismail Kerimov (terre ceche) Karel Hynek Mácha, Jan NerudaSalcman, M. (2016:90). A Prague Spring, Before & After. United States: Evening Street Press. Rutenia subcarpatica Alexander Dukhnovych Mihai Eminescu Alexander Pushkin, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Sergei Yesenin, Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Bunin Anders Fjellner Robert Burns, Hugh MacDiarmidMacDiarmid, H., MacGill-Eain, S. (2010:44). The Correspondence Between Hugh MacDiarmid and Sorley MacLean: An Annotated Edition. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. Desanka Maksimović, Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Jovan Sterija Popović, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav France Prešeren Miguel de Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Federico García LorcaCommemorating Writers in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Nation-Building and Centenary Fever. (2014). United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. Peter Rosegger Carl Michael Bellman, Gustaf Fröding, Verner von Heidenstam, Esaias Tegnér Gottfried Keller, Carl Spitteler Ğabdulla Tuqay, Musa Cälil, Ravil Fayzullin, Fänis Yarullin Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Nâzım Hikmet Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka Sándor Petőfi, János Arany Dylan Thomas, Dafydd ap Gwilym
Nord America Paese o territorioPoetiFontiKamau Brathwaite Margaret Atwood, E. Pauline Johnson, E. J. Pratt, Al Purdy, Milton Acorn Aquileo J. Echeverría, Jorge DebravoJosé Martí, Lezama Lima, Agustín Acosta (1955), Nicolás Guillén (1961), Nancy Morejón (2018)Pierre LaufferRoque DaltonClaude McKayHenning Jakob Henrik LundGuy TirolienRafael LandívarOswald Durand Roberto Sosa Aimé CésaireBate, J. (2013). The Genius of Shakespeare. United Kingdom: Pan Macmillan.Octavio Paz, Ramón López VelardeRubén DaríoRicardo MiróJulia de Burgos, Giannina Braschi, Juan Antonio Corretjer, Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Nimia VicénsPoets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi. Pittsburgh, 2020. Émile Nelligan, Gaston Miron, Gilles Vigneault, Octave CrémaziePedro MirDerek WalcottLasana M. SekouWalt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Carl Sandburg, Maya Angelou, Gwendolyn Brooks, Langston Hughes, Jack Kerouac, James Wright, Allen GinsbergNathanael O'Reilly, "Imagined America: Walt Whitman's Nationalism in the First Edition of 'Leaves of Grass'", Irish Journal of American Studies.Cusic, D. (1991:82). The poet as performer. United Kingdom: University Press of America.E. M. Roach
Oceania PaesePoetiDorothea Mackellar, Mary Gilmore, Judith Wright, Henry Lawson, Adam Lindsay Gordon, A. B. "Banjo" Paterson, C.J. DennisJames K. Baxter, Thomas Bracken, Allen CurnowKonai Helu Thaman
Sud America PaesePoetiFontiJosé Hernández, Jorge Luis Borges, Leopoldo Lugones . Estratto rilevante disponibile in: Rosendo VillalobosGonçalves Dias, Olavo Bilac, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Machado de AssisPablo Neruda, Gabriela MistralRafael Pombo, José Asunción Silva, Álvaro MutisJosé Joaquín de Olmedo, Remigio Crespo ToralMartin CarterCésar VallejoTrefossaJuan Zorrilla de San Martín Andrés Eloy Blanco
Note
Bibliografia
Voci correlate Poeta laureato
Categoria:Poeti Categoria:Simboli nazionali